Binding Arbitration Clauses :: essays research papers

First off, I do not think that binding arbitration clauses should ever restrict the arbitration to only one convocation of people (ex. Home builders association). If there ever is a situation in which a binding arbitration clause is acceptable, there should at least be a choice of who the arbitration is and the choices should be neutral parties (ex. In the BP credit card bill stuffer, it gave the option of the American Arbitration Association, JAMS, and the National Arbitration Forum). I do not think that binding arbitration clauses should be includable in usage contracts. There are too many laws and regulations regarding employers and the way businesses operate the I do not think an arbitrator would be anywhere near as knowledgeable in these matters as a court would be, even if it was their world of expertise. Between discrimination and work conditions, I feel that there is way too overmuch at stake to put in the hands of an arbitrator. I do think that binding arbitration claus es can (not should, but CAN) be includable in credit card agreements and cell phone agreements. I really do not think that binding arbitration clauses should be included in any kind of contract because the severity of charges can vary so much that the courts can decide which cases can be arbitrated. In both credit card and cell phone contracts, the majority of cases will only deal with teeny amounts of money. In contrast, there is so much at stake with home construction, that I do not think that construction contracts are an appropriate tell for such clauses. I consider myself a pretty compassionate person. Therefore, I do not think that there should be ANY prerequisite to obtaining medical checkup treatment, especially signing a contract with a binding arbitration clause. I believe that every contract should have the option to be enforced by the courts. Arbitration should be something that parties agree to, not something they are forced into. I think that including a binding ar bitration clause in an employment contract would produce undue influence. The applicant for employment may easily think that if they do not sign the contract that they will not doctor the job. In addition, since you would typically only sign an employment contract after you had been offered a job, it would be a bit harder to find another employer in a good amount of time.

Personal Narrative: My Favorite Noncompetitive Activities :: essays research papers

My Three Favorite Noncompetitive Activities The three different activities I like is bicycling, camping, and hiking. I got interested in camping because, you get to follow up the outdoors, and see the stars, and eat burnt marshmallows. This is very fun. Also, because this is a group activity. I likewise got interested in hiking because, it keeps you in shape, and its just plain fun and it is a bivalent activity. I got interested in bicycling because, you get to travel around in it, and it keeps you in shape, and it is very fun. And, because it is an individual activity. When I went to camp I got to fish, swim, and rate scary stories, and sleep in tents. It was a lot of fun. We got to pick our camp grounds. We got to make camp fires, so we can cook our food. We are also commensurate to see the stars at night. We can?t really see the stars in the cities, because there is too much light. But anyways we had a lot of fun camping. bike is also a lot of fun. You can travel an ywhere on a bicycle. It keeps you in shape, and it is fun. But you have to be careful of glass or nails, or else your tires might become flat. But other than that, it can be a lot of fun. You can get a really strong drill with a bicycle. You can have races against other people. You can take it with you camping and to the beach. Hiking is a lot of fun. It keeps you in good shape. It exercises your body. It helps your brain to think and learn. You can also race against other people. You can see the great out doors if you are hiking in the woods. You can see different kinds of birds and trees and people. Well I can come apart you this much, hiking is a lot of fun.

Essay --

Can political collapseies adequately perform their functions within the British political system now that their memberships are so littler?Within the British political system, there are three dominant political parties, Labour, Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. These political parties have become a vital part in carrying out the main functions of government. There are several factors, which can hinder political parties from performing their functions adequately. In this essay I will be focusing on the new-made decline in party membership and the effects it has had on each of the functions. I will be discussing why they get dressedt perform their functions as well because the decline in party membership (finish this off)The division created between Britains major political parties and the electorate in recent years has been enormous. An indication of this is seen at the turn out of elections. In 2005, only 61.5% of voters cast their votes. This was the second worst turn out si nce 1918. People dont associate themselves with political parties as much as they used to a few years ago. It seems as though the decline in turnout is referable political parties themselves. Citizens should be encouraged by parties to get involved with politics. There are other factors, which initiate people to vote such as the sociological characters class, religion and gender. However, it should be the parties that should address these issues in the first place. If particular political parties speak of an issue, which reflects the ideology of many, people are more likely interested and are more likely to participate and vote. However, because voters look at the ideologies of parties and if parties do not represent their ideologies, they are likely not to vote. Thi... ...r peers. You have a prime minister of religion who gets to appoint bishops of a creed he does not believe in or even respect.I could go on and on, but suffice to say, any(prenominal) conditions kept the U.K. floating no longer exist.Quite why a priest should think that declining political party memberships is a bad thing though I have no idea. I suppose being a U.K. resident, there is confusion in thinking that the state and the Church have the akin ends.If anything we should be happy that people - freed from party affiliation - will be more eager to the Gospel of the Church. Sadly, however, decreased party affiliation has come with an broad state, and its hard to see how well penetrate the wall of misinformation that all 3 major parties have managed to create through control of the school system, public broadcasters, and a flock of publicly-funded lobbying groups.

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When the struggle against Antony and Cleopatra ended, Octavian found himself commander of some 60-70 legions and 900 warships. The Roman state could not, as a matter of course, support such a armed forces establishment, nor was it politic to have so many men in service. He therefore discharged the majority, reducing the number of legions to 26 with the annexation of Galatia in 25 B.C., two new legions were added. The loss of three under Varus (see below) left only 25. There were thus about 150,000 legionaries, with an equivalent number of auxiliaries. The navy had two chief(prenominal) bases, Misenum on the Bay of Naples and Ravenna along the Adriatic coast, with smaller flotillas elsewhere, such as at Forum Julii in southern France. Attendant upon the emperor were the nine cohorts of the Praetorian Guard.In the later on years of Augustus principate, seven cohorts of vigiles, who served as police in Rome, were established. There were also three cohortes urbanae. In the Res Gestae , his final statement of his activities and expenditures for the Roman state, Augustus spoke oftentimes of his military a...

Graduation Speech: Fireworks -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Addres

Even though you cannot see them yet, the fireworks leave begin tonight. In bright immobilize colorize, they will paint over the black world around them and they will glow. In all told shapes and sizes they will scatter over the stars and the moon. They will erupt in loud, almost deafening blasts to hushed crackles of soundless glory. Each diploma received is a lighted match of fire. Each graduate is a fuse. If you put a lighted match and a fuse together, you make sparks to create light. If you put a diploma and a graduate together, you have fireworks. As I cypher down into the mass crowd of parents, guardians, relatives, friends, t separatelyers, and other members of Southern Columbias school community, I can only focus on my fellow graduating classmates. This situation section is line to illuminate. It is giving off a subtle glow of many colors as if it is ready to explode into blinding lights. The dull colors seen now are only the stored energy ready to explode. The TNT is t he knowledge that each graduate has acquired at Southern Columbia. It is the basic factor in beginning to light their personal firework. Once every graduate has a diploma in their hands, the whole world will be painted with their cascading colors. These colors will reflect upon the eyes of many people watching them erupt. Bright hues will light up as every graduate paints the world with their own color. I caution everyone in the audience to put on their sunglasses, because I feel the future will be so bright for my fellow classmates and myself that we will all have to wear shades. Some people say they telephone the enormous fireworks that stretch out for what looks like miles in the sky. Other people say they remember the fireworks that are small and pop so qu... ...tant people for caring about our future. You cannot look at the firecrackers ready to be set off and perfectly conceive of their shape and size. You can only hope that they will ignite into a display of colors and ins piration in all sizes instead of malfunctioning. As graduates, we do not know who we are until we see what we can do. Class of 2004, no matter how bright your colors glow, how large your display is, or how loud your boom is, all of us are important in providing the rest of the world with such a memorable fireworks display that will leave our spectators speechless. As a whole, we have achieved so much over the many years, and we will keep on achieving in life even after we have left each others physical presence. As we move on with our lives, we will always meet in memories and in the sky as we display our soul colors and patterns over the world.

Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay

Criticism of Capitalism in The majuscule Gatsby by Fitzgerald In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates an artificial world where money is the object of e reallyones desire. The characters, the setting, and the game are very deeply submerged in a Capitalism that ends up destroying many of them. Fitzgeralds criticism of Capitalism can be seen as a move to subtly promote Socialism, an ideology in which value is placed on the inherent value of an object rather than its market value. In a late collection of notes, Fitzgerald himself proclaims that he is essentially Marxist. i Marxism is a specific branch of Socialist theory. Fitzgerald makes Gatsby a novel that is not inherently Marxist or dismantle Socialist, but one that is imbued with Marxist theory. He does this by denouncing nonhumanitarianism, reification, and market value. Fitzgerald implies that the Capitalist system does not work because at the end of the novel, all of the characters that represent classifiable A merican Capitalism end up either dead or completely unhappy. Fitzgeralds criticisms work to warn 1920s Americans of their behavior and how destructive it can be. Marxists believe very firmly in humanitarianism they believe that as humans, we should look out for each other and care for each other, because we are all essentially on the same level. All of the characters in Gatsby nullify this idea, because they all use each other. For instance, Gatsby uses Nick to set up a meeting between he and Daisy. The characters alike place very little value on individual human beings or on humanity as a whole. Each character is alike wrapped up in him/herself that he/she does not take the time to care for others. Class levels are pr... ...Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Simon and Schuster, 1996. Lewis, Roger. Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby. New Essays on The Great Gatsby. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York Cambridge University Press, 1985. 41-57. Posnock, Ross. A New World, Without Being Real Fitzgeralds Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. Critical Essays on Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston GK sign of the zodiac and Co., 1984. 201-213. Notes i Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Crack Up. ii Lewis, Roger. Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby. P. 51 iii Posnack, Ross. A New World, Material without Being Real Fitzgeralds Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. P. 202. iv Ibid., p. 203. v Ibid., p. 206. vi Ibid., p. 208.

Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald Essay

Criticism of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald creates an artificial world where money is the object of everyones desire. The characters, the placeting, and the plot are very deeply submerged in a Capitalism that ends up destroying many an(prenominal) of them. Fitzgeralds criticism of Capitalism can be seen as a move to subtly promote Socialism, an ideology in which value is placed on the built-in value of an object rather than its market value. In a late collection of notes, Fitzgerald himself proclaims that he is essentially Marxist. i Marxism is a specific branch of Socialist theory. Fitzgerald makes Gatsby a novel that is not inherently Marxist or even Socialist, but one that is imbued with Marxist theory. He does this by denouncing nonhumanitarianism, reification, and market value. Fitzgerald implies that the Capitalist system does not hold because at the end of the novel, all of the characters that represent typical A merican Capitalism end up either dead or completely unhappy. Fitzgeralds criticisms work to warn 1920s Americans of their behavior and how destructive it can be. Marxists believe very firmly in humanitarianism they believe that as humans, we should look out for each other and care for each other, because we are all essentially on the same level. All of the characters in Gatsby nullify this idea, because they all use each other. For instance, Gatsby uses Nick to set up a meeting between he and Daisy. The characters also place very little value on individual human beings or on humanity as a whole. Each character is too wrapped up in him/herself that he/she does not take the time to care for others. flesh levels are pr... ...Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Simon and Schuster, 1996. Lewis, Roger. Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby. New Essays on The Great Gatsby. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. New York Cambridge University Press, 1985. 41-57. Pos nock, Ross. A New World, Without Being Real Fitzgeralds reappraisal of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. Critical Essays on Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston GK Hall and Co., 1984. 201-213. Notes i Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Crack Up. ii Lewis, Roger. Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby. P. 51 iii Posnack, Ross. A New World, Material without Being Real Fitzgeralds Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby. P. 202. iv Ibid., p. 203. v Ibid., p. 206. vi Ibid., p. 208.

Microcredit Repayment in Malaysia Essay

To investigate whether gender of borrower play microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 1 Ho sexuality of borrower does not catchd microcredit repayment. H1 Gender of borrower does influence microcredit repayment. 2. To investigate whether types of business activities influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 2 Ho Types of business activities does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1 Types of business activities does influence microcredit repayment. 3. To investigate whether sum total of loan influence microcredit repayment.Hypothesis 3 Ho Amount of loan does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1 Amount of loan does influence microcredit repayment. 4. To investigate whether repayment period influence microcredit repayment. Hypothesis 4 Ho Repayment period does not influenced microcredit repayment. H1 Repayment period does influenced microcredit repayment. This chapter is discussing almost the research design, entropy collection method, research instrument, questionnaire desig n and consume frame to meet the objectives of the study.In this study, descriptive research result be conduct to obtain the information needed. It will involve acquiring primary selective information, preparing questionnaires and have method as well as deciding on how the variables will be measure and being analyse. This study will be conducted among the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, carriage Klang, Selangor. 3. 0Data Collection Method There are two ways in gathering data for the study.First is the primary data which is specially collected by the researcher and second is the secondary data or any information gathered from resources collected and published by differents. . 0. 1Primary Data Primary data call down to information obtained first-hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study (Sekaran, 2010). Obtaining primary data can be expensive and time down as it requires researchers to observe and cond uct an experiment on something to gather information about specific problems. It will take time in collecting data. (a)Questionnaire A roach of questionnaire has been designed to obtain a quantitative primary data for this research.The purpose is to gauge the relevant information to achieve the research objectives besides to ascertain and evaluate the aim of microcredit repayment among employees. The primary data will be collected from questionnaire that will distribute to the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Port Klang,Selangor. (b)Journal Researcher will excessively use journal as the primary data for data collection method in vow to elicit the information regarding for the research. 3. 0. 2Secondary DataSecondary data that will be collected can be use and these data can be located quickly and cheaper in terms of cost. Secondary data could be collected through internal and external sources. Internal data are those generated within the organization while external sources of data in other hands are generated by sources outside the organization. For the purpose of this study, the researcher will obtain the external sources from books, library references, articles, website and others. These are some of useful information that will serves as the groundwork for theoretical framework and literature review. .Research Instrument Regarding Malhotra (2004), defined that questionnaire is a structured techniques for data collection harping of a series of questions, compose or verbal that respondent answers. In addition, it is called a schedule, written form, measuring instrument, or formalized set of questionnaires for obtaining information from respondents. The standardized questionnaire will ensure equation of the data, increase speed and accuracy of recording, and facilitating data processing. It needs to capture primary data is questionnaire.Questionnaire is a formalized instrument for asking information, directly from the respond ent. It is designed to help oneself data gathering, which is directly related to the study. Questionnaires will be distributed directly to the respondents for them to answer. The questionnaires for this research consist of two sections. The first section will consist of questions related to compose of the respondents and the second section will consist of question regarding of loans. The format used for the questionnaire will be structured in rating scale which is liker scale and eight-fold choices.The liker scale is (1) = strong disagree, (2) = disagree, (3) = average, (4) = agree and (5) = strongly agree are used. The questionnaires will be distributed randomly to the teachers at Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Port Klang, Selangor. 5. 0Questionnaire Design In this research, in order to get information from respondents, the researcher will choose the structured questions. 5. 0. 1Structured Questions Structured question specify the set of resp onse alternative and the response format that could be multiple choices and scale.The structured question was the most frequently used in the marketing research. i)Multiple Choices The researcher provides choices of answers and respondents will be asked to select one or more(prenominal) of the alternatives given that mostly closely match their own response. For this study, the researcher will use this kind of question for respondent profile at section A. ii) collection plate For this study, the Liker Scale questionnaire will be use widely where requires the respondents indicate strongly disagree or strongly agree with each of series of statement about the Microcredit Repayment.What is the level of microcredit repayment among employees? 2. Does gender of borrower will influence microcredit repayment? 3. Does a type of business activities will influence microcredit repayment? 4. Does amount of loan will influence microcredit repayment? 5. Does repayment period will influence microcre dit repayment? 7. 0Sampling 7. 0. 1Sampling Design Based on Malhotra (2004), a sample is a subgroup of the population selected for participant in the study.Population is aggregate of all the elements that share some common set of characteristics and that comprise the universe for the purpose of the marketing research problem. According to the Zikmund (2003), the simple size can be 30 units and more, whereas Sekaran (2003) has mentioned between 30 units to 500 units, so only 100 respondents were selected and accepted for this study. The have design process includes five go that are sequentially in the figure 2. 0 below. Figure 2. 0 The sampling design process 1)Defining target PopulationThe first step of the sampling design will be specifying the target population. The target population means the collection of elements or subjects that possess the information sought by researcher and about which inference are to be made (Malhotra, 2004). According to Sekaran, (2003), population re fers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate. For the purpose of this study, the population will consist of employees at Sekolah Menegah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Pelabuhan Klang, Selangor 2)Determining sampling FrameA sampling frame is a representation of the elements of the target population that consist of a list or set of direction for identifying the target population. However, as for the sampling frame, this study has narrow down the elements of the target population to those employees within a few divisions or units at Sekolah Menegah Kebangsaan Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Jalan Pandamaran, Pelabuhan Klang, Selangor. The principle is because the researcher will be only target to collect 50 respondents for this study. 3)Determine the Sample SizeSample size refers to the number of elements to be included in the study. Regarding to this study, the sampling size were decided around 50 respondents o nly due to the time and money constraints. The targeted respondents will comprise the employees of divisions and units at Jabatan Pendidikan Negeri Selangor. 4)Execute the Sampling Process In execute the sampling process, once the target population, sampling frame, sampling technique and sampling size has been determined, allocation of the sample will be quite piano to execute.

Evil Lives are meaningless lives? Essay

Profound though it may seem we often ask this very basic question What is the meaning of our aliveness? This is one question that has existed for a long as humanity has. It is one mystery that has fascinated many of the great philosophers. Although many pass on find it absurd, upstart(prenominal) even, that we want to answer this question, Julian Baggini thought otherwise. This is proven by his treatise in the book entitled Whats It All About Philosophy and the signification of life story. Indeed, period many lot will shy away from bursting forward with this question, Mr. Baggini was brave enough to try to answer it. He attempted to break down several(prenominal) numbers plaguing people some of which are abeting others, serving humanity, universe happy, becoming triumphant and successfully delivered his views without making his ideas sound so ostentatious and metaphysical. The inborn issue in the book actually deals with the question of whether there is a profound and my sterious meaning to life. It also asks what the ultimate purpose of our existence is. Mr. Baggini argues that there in truth is no single meaning to our existence. He says that every little thing that we do has meaning in itself so it is pointless to look for one on the whole package of meaning. Indeed, the first-two chapters examine if and why the existence of God should make a difference into determining the meaning of our life. The remaining chapters then evaluate the claims of some people as to what they find significant in their life. By planting his feet firmly on the ground and dealing with specific issues, I think that Mr. Baggini effectively shows us that the quest for the meaning of our existence is right here with us everyday. We dont subscribe to to travel to far places to look for it. We dont demand to serve in the UNICEF to render ourselves useful to humanity. Most gravely, we dont need legislation to render ourselves empowered. The answer we have always been look ing for in our life is in our own hands. It is how we cope with our everyday existence that will in truth define the life that we have lived. The outside forces are just upright accompaniment, whereas our actions and reactions are the essential factors that will judge us in the end. Corollary to this, the meaning of our life can non be found in books and idealistic treatise. We dont need to look for its meaning in our neighbors house it is right at the tip of our nose. Mr. Baggini shows us that we can value happiness even as we accept that it is not everything.We can see the value of success without drowning ourselves in it. We can even shout Carpe Diem to the whole world even as we swear out others lead fruitful lives. In the end, it is up to now love that powerfully motivates us all. Indeed, Mr. Baggini shows us that the search for meaning is very personal and within our power to find. He supports his stand by drawing from actual experiences drawn from received life of real p eople. In many ways, those who have read this book will descend that Mr. Baggini qualifies himself as a modern-day heir of Bertrand Russel. In his own way, he shows us that we can find the meaning of life if we can solitary(prenominal) be more philosophical and rational. In the Chapter 4 of the book subtitled Here to help, Mr. Baggini discusses the proper place of altruism if we are to pursue meaningful lives. If the meaning of life is to help others, then only those doing the helping can lead meaningful life. The people being helped are thus mere instruments to the end of giving purpose to the altruists. (65) Of course, Mr. Baggini does not brush off altruism as a useless virtue. It is still needed if we have to co-exist peacefully with others. However, he emphasizes that altruism should be put in its proper perspective and that people should make sense in defending values which go beyond itself. Altruism in itself is a virtue still it should not used to define ones life. It is just but one part of our existence, not the whole of it. In Chapter 7 subtitled Becoming a contender, Mr. Baggini writes To raise a happy family, or live your life pursuing your passion, no matter which recognition you get, should be seen as a success.(123) This in itself shows the genial of philosophical sense that Mr. Baggini follows in this book. He does not aim for huge successes but makes one feel that no matter how small the achievement is, it is still worth noting because it has helped one become the kind of person that he is today. It is therefore important for us to do our best in every thing we do because these small things can also enrich our life. Indeed, it does not matter whether the good deeds we have done are great or small. The most important is we did it. This is what life should be all about. In Chapter 9 subtitled Lose yourself, Mr. Baggini emphasizes that we dont need a Maya Angelou or a Deepak Chopra to lead us to the real meaning of our life. He strongly crit icizes the promises of religious and ideological beliefs consequently convincing us that we really dont need vast esoteric knowledge or a time-tested guru to find the meaning of our life. Here, Mr. Baggini argues that we just have to look into our self and we will find everything that we have always been looking for. Resorting to ideological beliefs may only pose greater danger of losing ones proper perspective, thus, this is highly discouraged. Apparently, Mr. Baggini believes that each person is unique and lessons learned from ones experiences may not be uniform for everyone. Mr. Bagginis main purpose for writing this book is actually to show us that philosophy rather than our honest New Age psychobabble is a better tool to analyze lifes little mysteries with. This is the reason why he purposely puts forward a largely down-to-earth approach to the issues being raised in the book. In a world where existentialism has morphed into an alienated version of the I and me culture, ut ilitarianism offers rational discourses where at one time we had heaven for guarantor. Like the movie Dead Poets Society, Mr. Baggini encourages us to seize the day. to each one day is a chance for us to define the life we lead. It is therefore essential that we have to live our life to the fullest everyday. Of course, he admits that defining our life this way is not an easy task but there is nothing impossible if we only go back to our very selves. In this aspect, Mr. Baggini dislikes paradox and hyperbole and anything too extreme. Whats It All About Philosophy and the Meaning of Life ends up being a rational and secular inquiry into the meaning of life. Although it is obviously a prcis of Mr. Bagginis personal views on life, he hopes that this is something many philosophers would mostly agree. some(prenominal) times in the book he would refer to past experiences as he draws lessons from them. In spite of his bold statements, however, Mr. Baggini takes a cautious approach. This s tance disappoints because at the end of the book, there is little to disagree with. His supposition that the meaning of life is really quite humdrum only sums up his attitude to the question. In this aspect, he shows that life is just a mirror that reflects back the image of whoever seeks its meaning. To his credit, Mr. Baggini tries to sum up the meaning of life in fewer than 200 pages a monolithic achievement in itself. However, it is also because of this that his argument suffers greatly being that its supporting discourses have been so squeezed together. This problem is apparent in the chapter on the loss of selfhood, where he points out that New Age ideas are quite nonsense. He says that anyone who professes to lose his ego during meditation is being self-righteous. Anyone who professes to lose his ego during meditation is being content and self-righteous. Mr. Baggini then saves the best for last when he declares that we should forget about the meaning of life and just get o n with it. The analysis made on life stems from a rationalist and humanist perspective. As I said earlier, he proceeds to his main thesis with utmost caution even as he answers each question thrown his way with distinctive directness. The outcome of this is that the readers are left to form their own conclusion based on the framework that Mr. Baggini has constructed. Each reader will be able to form his own meaning to life one that will be personal, more meaningful and sociologically moral. If a reader has majored in philosophy, this book will be viewed as a bit simplistic. However, for ordinary readers like me, it makes for an easy comparison of the various isms in life. Sure, it does not dole out definitive answers to specific questions. Still, its a good read for someone who is literally searching for a meaning of his existence.For me, Mr. Bagginis printing press that our life should be led on an everyday basis is congruent to the fact that we should live it in peaceful co-exis tence with our neighbors. Doing otherwise (or by being evil) will render our life meaningless. In a nutshell, Mr. Baggini offers us ideas about life that are balanced, good and practical. The bottom line here is that living itself, for its own sake, is what truly the only thing that gives life meaning. All the other ascriptions are, at best, plain spices to make the journey fun and enjoyable.ReferencesBaggini, Julian. (2005) Whats It All About Philosophy and the Meaning of Life. Granta Publishers, Inc.Williams, Peter. (2003) Sorting the wheat from the chaff http//www.damaris.org/content/content.php?type=5&id=319

Anarchy and Knowledge Essay

Paul Fereraband argues in his (1975) essay on acquisition that legend, selective toshtelling, and rationalized scientific technique overlap. This requires one to consider the relation between myth (or narrative) and the scientific method, specific completelyy in indicting the latter of dabbling in the former. This method is embedded in conscience because there is a story behind it, one of progress, of the go along betterment of mankind using terms that science cannot define. Progress and betterment ar not scientific terms, but deterrent example ones that lie outside the scientific mode of discourse.Science has appropriated them nevertheless. Science is based on myth, as are all modes of understanding. But the similarities of science and myth are worth discussing. There are taboo line of businesss in both. For a scientist to consider creationism as a serious challenge to evolutionism is to end his career. The idea is met with horror no differently than the African roughhewn se nse style Feyeraband vaguely speaks of in his essay. They both believe they are deriving their truths from the sacred, in sciences case, the immutable laws of reputation that are state to proceed from a void without cause.But even more startling, Feyerabend is concerned with the modes by which science has won its vaunted victory over religion. In Europe, science over superpowered, instead than convinced, its religious rivals. Technology more than anything else proven science as better than religion. In world politics, western forms of politics and economy were imposed on the southern world, or developing world, snuffing out older methods of collecting knowledge. Is there anything of value that was crushed? Or is the story of western colonialismthat of bringing enlightenment to the nativescompletely unbent?Feyerabend writes there is separation between church and state, but no separation between state and science It is merely thought to be authoritative in itself. There is no cho ice involved, but this lack of choice does not derive from truth per se, but from the fact that science has the money and state power to impose itself where it will. He continues State and science, however, work closely to-ether. Immense sums are spent on the improvement of scientific ideas. Bastard subjects such as the philosophy of science which have not a single discovery to their credit profit from the boom of the sciences.Even human relations are dealt with in a scientific manner, as is shown by education programmes, proposals for prison reform, army training, and so on. Almost all scientific subjects are compulsory subjects in our schools. While the parents of a six-year-old child can decide to have him instructed in the rudiments of Protestantism, or in the rudiments of the Jewish faith, or to omit religious instruction altogether, they do not have a similar freedom in the case of the sciences. Physics, astronomy, history must be learned. They cannot be replaced by magic, a strology, or by a study of legends.Science was never accepted by majority vote. It was imposed. It was imposed because there is a difference between science, or the collection of knowledge, and the scientific establishment, or even further, the specific method(s) of science. Facts and schools of thought are accepted because scientific specialists, making up the scientific establishment, agree with them. In a telling passage, our author writes We watch facts alone are not strong enough for making us accept, or reject, scientific theories, the range they leave to thought is too wide system of logic and methodology eliminate too much, they are too narrow.In between these two extremes lies the ever-changing domain of human ideas and wishes But this, while likely the case, is not part of the narrative of scientific discourse as revealed to the public. One is taught that theory derives from facts, and that facts dictate theory, hence, theory is true, it corresponds with the facts. But this is far from the method by which theories are sought, proved and, just as important, imposed on the public who is mostly willing to allow themselves to be informed from above.It is the fact that science says x that makes x true for the vast bulk of the population. Scientific theory is not based on correspondence, but on coherence. In other words, there is an agenda to which science must conform. Modern democratic politics takes everything apart modern radical ideologies attack ever element of society critics and writers demand strict accounting for all moral and political ideologies and movements in society, but science alone escapes their glare. It is considered merely true, it is untouchable.In some bizarre method of social alchemy, it partakes of the sacred, it has taken over from religion completely. Furthermore, the story that science tells the world that it and it alone are responsible for the great discoveries of the enlightenment, without in the lest giving credit to th e religious and traditional forms of knowledge that have leaked into science, or the nature of alternative forms of discourse in developing theories and discoveries. Science is imperial at its root.What is more, Feyeraband, as well as many others such as Eric Voegelin and Stephen MacKnight, have delved into the alliance between modern scientific theories and the Lodges of Freemasonry, secret societies such as the Lunar Society of England, and the facts of progress deriving from the ancient gnostics and neo-Platonists. These have been written out of the fabulous scheme of science with the aim of garnering all the creditand hence prestige and grant moneyto themselves. The narrative of sciences victory over other forms of knowledge and method is selective.It retains what it wants, ignores the others. MacKnight has written substantially about the relation between modern science and the alchemists of Renaissance Italy such as Bruno and Ficino. These in turn, derive their ideas from Plo tinus and the neo-Platonists afterwards the time of Christ, all of which are immeasurably part of the exploitation and eventual victory of western science over its rivals. But there is no gulf between science and religion here, there is a rather harmonious cooperation, a cooperation not spoken of in any but the most narrow and obscure journals.The doctrine of the Enlightenment in 18th century England and France is largely responsible for this problem. These writers, Helevitus and Condorcet in France, Bacon in England, envisioned a society run solo by reason, the world under the guise of cause and effect, i. e. Science. Hence, they told a story of the gradual Enlightenment of man from the stone age to the Greeks, to the medievals to themselves. Each step of the development saw myth gradually stripped away, leaving the kernel of reason. This idea is central to the positivism of Comte and the historicism of Hegel.The problem lies in history there is no certainty that ancient soc ieties were backward in relation to the modern. The building of the pyramids, the Roman road, the Gothic, and ancient Irish and Chinese medicine all belie the fact that the old days were backward and myth-ridden. There is much evidence to the contrary. What has happened is that the western idea of science, through military and political indoctrination, has convinced the world that myth is evil and for the ignorant, while scienceand the development of the western idea in the Enlightenmentwill fulfill the greatest desires of mankind.Feyeraband writes There was the domestication of animals, the invention of rotating agriculture, new types of plants were bred and kept pure by careful avoidance of cross fertilisation, we have chemical inventions, we have a most amazing art that can compare with the best achievements of the present. True, there were no collective excursions to the moon, but single individuals, disregarding great dangers to their soul and their sanity, rose from sphere to sphere to sphere until they finally faced God himself in all His splendour while others changed into animals and back into humans again.At all times man approached his surroundings w h wide open senses and a rich intelligence, at all times he made incredible discoveries, at all times we can learn from his ideas. The Enlightenment myth can no longer hold water. History cannot be conveniently and ideologically divided into periods of ancient-medieval-modern any longer, for the ancient had as many modern ideas as the present, and the modern is as dogmatic as the medieval. To silence former ages in the development of science is to hurt it, and to hurt us. Works Cited Primary Source Text http//www. marxists. org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/feyerabe. htm

Joseph Estrada and National Service Training Essay

Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Service genteelness Program (NSTP) for tertiary level students. Its short title is National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. It was passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Republic of the Philippines on declination 19, 2001. It was subsequently approved by Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last January 23, 2002.RA 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 NSTP is a architectural plan aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youthfulness by develop-ing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in whatever of its three (3) programme components. (RA 9163). Section 2 Rule 1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the NSTP Act states the role of the youth in nation-building. It says1.In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building, the State sh every last(predicate) promote civic cons ciousness among them and shall develop their physical, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. 2. As the most valuable resource of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained, organized and involved in military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation.ROTC is a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act 7077 designed to provide mili-tary training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and taunt them for national defense preparedness. (RA 9163). CWTS refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, refreshment and morals of the citizenry. (RA 9163). L TS is a ? program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school chil-dren, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. (RA 9163). NSTP Act states that all incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting School Year (SY) 2002-2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year technical-vocational or coadjutor courses, are re-quired to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice, as a graduation requirement. (RA9163 IRR).More-over, NSTP component chosen by the student shall be undertaken in two (2) legal injury and be credited for a 3-unit subject per term. Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or drab and desirable or undesirable. Values substantiate major influence on a persons behavior and attitude and serve as coarse guidelines in all situations. Some common business values are fairness, innovation and community involveme nt. 2. The monetary worth of something in areas such as accounting, economics, marketing or mathematics.A value can be defined as your personal belief on a moral or ethical issue. For example, those who have strong family values believe that families should always eat meals together. Those who have strong Christian values find it important to attend church each sunday. commandment in its general sense is a form of learning in which companionship, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next by means of teaching, training, research, or simply through autodidacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. The wealth of knowledge acquired by an psyche after studying particular subject matters or experiencing life lessons that provide an understanding of something. Education requires instruction of some sort from an individual or composed literature. The most common f orms of education result from years of schooling that incorporates studies of a variety of subjects.

Are humanities relevant to the 21st century Essay

In this annotated bibliography I forget be trying to answer the question of the importance of humanistic discipline in the 21st century. I will be using sources from newspapers, playscripts and blogs in which I found either in the UEA library, internet and other sources of information. I will be making summaries of the sum which I read and evaluate the source as a whole, for this annotated bibliography most of the sources which I came across coincidently were virtually(predicate) the usefulness of the arts in gentility or in the work place in the 21st century. In addition, I incorporated moving-picture show, literature, art and history making my range of sources broad.1) Arnheirn Rudolf, 1932, film as Art, London, university of California press This defy is in the first place about theory, the causations main argument is that human cosmoss are losing their ability of creativity. For example, the source talks about the limitations of the medium, the absence of sound, t he absence of colour and the lack of three dimensional depth Arnheirn Rudolf (1932), these limitations created a new distinct art however collectible to furtherance e reallything is about realism and because of these advancement creativity has been lost in the world of film.The thoughts that made the picture move Arnheirn Rudolf (1932) can be interpreted as realism bringing truths of world into the spotlight such as the violence which occurred around the world. As a source it has very little relevance to the humanities in the 21st century, when reading this book it seemed very personal to the author the way he wrote it seemed as if he is defending something very important to him. Also, from what I had read there wasnt often evidence to support his claims and was much like an aggressive rant about the mechanical advancements in the film industry.2) Belfiore Elenora and Upchurch Anna, 2013, liberal arts in the 21st century, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan This book is mainly a coll ection of essays and articles from different authors that has been edited by the authors. They talk mainly about the connection between the markets and the humanities. Their main aim was to exercise of critiquing the present plead of the humanities within and outside of the academic practise Belfiore Elenora and Upchurch Anna (2013).The authors describe the history of the humanities and stated that the humanities came from the united states which spread to great Britain and so explained that complaisant science came out of humanities which is wherefore the humanities is the parent of the mixer science. The two authors compiled a collection of original essays that tackle the question however I did not read any views the authors had. 3) Corrigan timothy, 2012, film and literature and introduction and reader, second edition, Abingdon, Routledge.Timothy Corrigans main argument is that he argues without the literature there will be no film and they need each other. While the blockbu sters harry potter films would constantly draw masses of young people/readers to the movie theatres and lines of moviegoers into the bookshop Corrigan timothy (2012). He also argues there is a renewed interest in literature and film as 30% of movies today derive from novels and 50% of books classified as best sellers have been adapted to cinema which enforces his argument that literature in situation is still important.Later in the chapter he gives disadvantages of makeing novels into film by stating it destroys our imagination. When reading a novel we use our imagination to create a reality in the novels world however when watching a film adaption of that same novel your imagined world becomes the film directors interpretation and your imagined creation is lost. In this book the author clearly states 4 disadvantages of literature and not star positive or advantages to literature making me envisage that his views to a certain extent is biased.In addition, this book contains buc ket loads of information from theories to history of film and this book is an educational one therefore contains information directed to students and is also the second edition generally meaning is an improvement to the first edition. 4) Grafton Anthony, (2010), 05/11/2013, reason the Humanities, www. youtube. com Grafton Anthony is a historian that delivered a lecture in the University of Hampshire. He argues against a claim that humanities as a dependant is dying.His argument boldly states that professors teaching the humanitysubjects are macrocosm force feed unimportant knowledge and information which will not help undergraduates in the future. He states that humanists should be creators of conversations between the graduates, the historical thinkers, ancient musicians and great artists which is critical and exciting, instead of creating of theories and drop everything we teach though it like a sausage grinder. He concludes, and states that humanities as a subject is improvin g and is always universe rewritten when new information is available.Grafton Anthony uses the American civil war as an example, as a baby Grafton Anthony in school had never heard of the presence of the African Americans in the civil war and parents would never take their children to historic battle sites because they felt offended. However, in todays age African American parents joyfully take their children to these sites due to historians re-writing history and creating a true story that African Americans were in fact involved in the civil war.This lecture was really about promoting humanities as a subject. This is a good source as it emphases the problems of humanities being taught in the 21st century and also gives information on how to improve humanities in general in addition his points are being beef up by Bill Smoot who also had similar ideologies. 5) Grafton t. Anthony and Grossman throng, 2013, the chronicle of higher education the humanities dubious battle, 19th Octobe r 2013, pages 13.The authors as a summary basically belittles the humanities and talks about history are not needed in the economic and capitalist world. He quotes Why would a company like green light Rent-A-Car care if a prospective employee took the initiative to read the company history? What could the study of the past contribute to a career in, say, treat? Grafton t. Anthony and Grossman mob (2013). He also makes the point that the humanities do not lead into any clear cut career than lets say engineering, medicine and law.They then go on to say that the humanities is not totally dead as from a Harvard report stated that there are more people studying humanities in private universities and are mainly for the elites Humanities education provides the foundation for leadership, and wider access to such education implies wider access to positions of leadership. Grafton t. Anthony and Grossman James (2013). Personally I didnt like this source as the authors slightly changed the ir view from stating that the humanities is a rubbish subject to learn to the humanities being this epic subject that precisely the elites should learn.The source was very simple to read and it seem to speak to you as if you were having a conversation with the writer and made you think about subject. In addition, an article which finally sits on the other side for a change, It was interesting to find a source and authors who argued that humanities is useless so reading from an objective view it was a new insight into the subject of the relevance of humanities in the 21st century. 6) Kagan Jeome. (2009) The Three Cultures Natural Science, Social Sciences, and the Humanities in the 21st Century, Cambridge Cambridge University press.This book defines the three husbandrys and then compares them to one another. The authors main argument is that the three cultures cannot survive without the fuel each culture provides. One example utilise is climate change kagon Jeome (2009) stated 50,0 00 years ago climate changed in northern Europe which destroyed our protein supplies and in turn the human population in northern Europe dropped drastically therefore if humans were involved in climate change it would be more rapid.The author then concludes that the sciences and humanities need each other and are both important to the 21st century as without the literature humanities provided the less probably research may have taken place. The author is American psychologist suggesting that he is very well educated and has written many books in regard to psychology, the book was also published by the Cambridge university press meaning that it is more likely to be intellectual. The book was written in 2009 which in regard to humanities and his study points is not too long ago.However, this book was basically a revamp C. P. Snows work who was a chemist and novelist who published the two cultures and scientific revolution which was written in 1959. 7) Pring Richard, 1999, oxford rev iew of education, political education relevance of the humanities, p71-87, volume 25 issue, Taylor and Francis. In this article the Richard Pring puts an emphasis on education being used as tool to control the young to becoming a model citizen and uses the phrase developing desirable attitudes.He next explains why he used that phrase and backs up his point by stating the government is worried about the consumption of drugs amongst young people therefore, schools are being instructed to teach about their evil effects. Furthermore subsequent on in the article he explains why the humanities is important not only because the humanities teaches us how to be Human but it gives us the skills to incorporate into politics such as critical writing and analysis. This journal is very detailed but is or else old compared to evidence I can acquire from books, blogs or other forms of sources.A lot of things have changed since 1999 such as the economy, which has gone through major(ip) changes dur ing this time so views have changed. In term of relevance to the question is that it is relevant to a strong extent from a cultural view. He describes that humanities is all around us and is impossible to miss. 8) Small Helen, 2013, the value of the humanities, oxford, oxford university press The book value of the humanities provides a critical account of the principal arguments used to defend the value of the Humanities.The claims considered are that the Humanities study the meaning-making practices of culture, and bring to their work a distinctive understanding of what constitutes knowledge and understanding. The authors of this book made a very deep arguments from the contribution of human happiness to the driving force for democracy Small Helen (2013). She later concludes that the purpose of the humanities is to explore the grounds for each argument, and screen out its validity for the present day and promise to sharpen the terms of public believe Small Helen (2013).I believe this a very good source, for the first time because it is very modern and up to date, academic slightly hard to read aimed at the educated and scholars. The author is a professor of the English literature at the University of Oxford which suggests she is smart enough to look at this question from an objective view. 9) Smoot Bill, (2011), 04/11/2013, Humanities in the 21st century, http//www. edutopia. org/blog/humanities-twenty-first-century-bill-smoot , Online Blog This blog offers information about the humanities in the 21st century, the author writes about his personal experience and feelings to the killing of Osama Bin Laden.He writes about how he felt satisfied for the killing of a man who may or may not of deserved it and as a English teacher he takes an objective look on different peoples reactions to the news and states he saw people crying and praising the death of a man, another group were indifferent and quoted it is implike to gloat over the bodies of the dead Smoot B ill (2011). He later explains that we need humanities to teach the students habits of critical thought and the historical perspective necessary for citizenship in a democracy.The blog is aimed for people in the position of power. In terms, of relevance to the question I believe it answers the question because his simplistic writing explains why humanities are needed in the 21st century. However, a blog is an individual record of opinions so it does not carry weight as a good source but it gives an opinion so in that respect it becomes useful but not very reliable. 10) Stern Nicholas, Mon 22 July 2013, Dont neglect the importance of the humanities, the independent, pages 7.In this source, the message is a lot more political. Firstly Nicolas Stern describes that there is a shift in every subject due to the lack of trust in intuition and lack of confidence in existing ideas and models and politicians are not inspiring the younger generations. He later describes the Science, engineering and medicine are vital drivers of human progress and we must celebrate and nurture them. However, without the humanities and tender sciences we can never find responses to the urgent issues that trouble us.He then backs up his points with facts and figures for example The UK economy is now 75 per cent services, hugely reliant on the analytical, negotiating and communication skills which humanities and social sciences disciplines develop in people Nicolas Stern (2013) and Most of the leaders in public life government, commerce, public sector were educated in humanities and social science disciplines. Nicolas Stern (2013). In my opinion I believe this is a very good source as the author makes a point and then backs up his points with evidence and statistics.It is also a newspaper article meaning that the general public have access to it and create an opinion about the matter. However, the only disadvantage about this article is that the author doesnt write about the advantages a nd disadvantages of humanities and only keeps to the positives and belittles other subjects. 11) Vianello Andrea 16/11/2013, http//www. bronzeage. org. uk/the-value-of-the-arts-and-humanities-in-the-21st-century-a-report. aspx, blog The author of the blog describes that he went to a debate about the importance of the arts and humanities in the modern day life and business.During this debate the author states that at this debate everyone assumed that they all agreed on the fact that the humanities in modern day society are pretty much over due to the subject having no impact on modern society Vianello Andrea (2013). The author concludes with his own personal opinion which was that the value of the humanities is unique in terms of the way humanists think and its potential for sciences and businesses and that graduates who have studied the humanities have been equipped with transferable skills and a unique way to approach and solve problems.The author makes valid points with evidence w hich makes the author argument about this subject stronger however, he criticized in a negative light all the researchers and educated opinion that did not agree with his side of the argument making his view very personal not hold a lot of weight as a source. In terms of relevance to the question it is very relevant however due to his opinion being very personal and biased its a useless source and weak in terms of argument.12) Warwick Clare, Terras Mellissa, Nyhan Julianne, 2012, Digital humanities in practise, London, Facat publishing. The authors open up with the definition of what digital humanities is and defined it as the collaborationism of the arts and humanities with computing Warwick Clare, Terras Mellissa, Nyhan Julianne (2012). The book mainly talks about the experience of three people in the University of City London which is the leading university for digital humanities.

Maya Angelou: A Remarkable Renaissance Woman

A Remarkable Renaissance Maya Angelo A Remarkable Renaissance Woman Maya Angelo is a poet, educator, historian, best-selling author, actress, playwright, civil-rights activist, producer and director. passim Angelinos writings, she expresses the realities of growing up in difficult circumstances and has now occasion one of the most influential figures of American literature. The works of Angelo reflect the strength of cleaning woman and the impact she has made during her livelihoodtime. Despite being abused and molested as a young girl, Angelo has proven to the world her capability of accomplishing her dreams.Maya Angelo, originally known as oxeye daisy Johnson, was born on April 4, 1928, in SST. Louis, Missouri (Williams). She adopted the name Maya Angelo in 1953. Angelinos parents divorced when she was only three long time of age. Once the divorce took place, she and her brother, Bailey, were sent to depart with their grandmother in the small town of Stamps, Arkansas (Americas Renaissance Woman). While living in Stamps, Angelo experienced the racial discrimination that was the legally enforced mien of life in the American south, but she alike absorbed the deep religious faith and old-fashioned courtesy of traditional African American life (Williams).After living with her grandmother for four years, Angelo went through a phase of silence. The silence was the result of being sexually molested by her mothers boyfriend (Williams). Angelo felt as if she did non have the right to speak after hearing news of her uncle murdering her attacker. Angelo felt guilty and that it were her words that had killed the man. Angelo fell silent and did not speak for five years after the death of her attacker (Williams). It was not until the age of thirteen, when Angelo and her rather rejoined their mother in San Francisco that she began to speak again.Maya was finally able to overcome her fear of speaking. Throughout the years that Angelo attended Mission High School, she excelled in her groom work. Angelo was not only able to excel at school, she also surpassed in the workforce outside of school life. When Angelo was seventeen, she became the first African American streetcar conductor on San Franciscans Market Street Railway Cones). She also worked various jobs such as a cook, dancer, and vocalist Cones). Angelo proved that she was a very active teenager and worked diligently at whatever task she was given.It was during this time that Angelo was exposed to the progressive ideals that animated her later policy-making activism. Maya gave birth to her son, Guy, at the age of sixteen. She and her son moved to New York City in 1957 Cones). While living in New York, Angelo became involved in many an(prenominal) different activities. During her time there, she raised money for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (CLC) with a show called Cabaret for Freedom Cones). Angelo wrote, directed, and starred in the show. In 1972, Angelo rote the scrip t for another movie titled Georgia, Georgia.The many plays and movies that Maya produced contributed to the fame she has received today. Although Angelo has a varied career as a singer, dancer, actress, composer, and Hollywood first young-bearing(prenominal) black director, she is most famous as a writer, editor, essaying, playwright and poet (Angelo). Given Angelinos reallocates existence from poverty in Arkansas to Journalism in Egypt and Ghana and eventually to her destiny as a successful writer and professor in the States it has been no surprise that Angelo has not limited herself to only one or both genres (Meet the Writers).Angelinos career ranges in a wide variety from writing poetry to directing shows. She has pen books of poetry, autobiographies, childrens books, and screenplays Cones). Angelo has also been a singer, actress, and movie director. As a child, Maya love to read and dreamed of one day being the author of her own book. Her favorite writers were William Sha kespeare, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Longs Hughes, and W. E. B. Dubious Cones). These writers inspired Angelo to be the excellent writer she has become today. Angelo published her first short story in a Journal called Revoluten in 1958 Cones).The events that took place during Mamas childhood in Stamps, Arkansas, led her to writing the well-known auto-biography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This auto-biography illustrates the life that Angelo had to live and the struggles that she had to face to finally reach where she is now. Maya Angelo has been a strong influence in American literature. She has also made an impact with her involvement during the civil rights movement and being a womens rights activist. Angelo was among the first, if not the first, to create a literary franchise based on autobiographic writings (Meet the Writers).Angelo has become a populist poet due to her writings on paper and being a suede-voiced speaker. Angelo has been awarded numerous awards for her various products she produces or writes. An award does not always have to be materialistic. It is but as much or a greater award for Angelinos works to still be shared throughout the world today. Angelinos 1993 poem On the Pulse of Morning, written for Bill Silicons presidential inauguration, was later released as a Grammar-winning album (Meet the Writers). The Springing medal in 1994 was awarded to her for her achievement in literature (Williams).Angelinos 1995 poem Phenomenal Woman is still passed along the Web among woman as inspiration (Meet the Writers). Before Angelo received these awards, she had become involved with dowry Martin Luther King Jar. , and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference fight against racism Cones). Angelo also agreed to help Malcolm X, but two days after Angelo returned to the joined States from a trip, Malcolm X was killed. Martin Luther King, Jar. And Malcolm X both influenced the decisions that Angelo wanted to change in her life. Angelo realized that she could influence people the same as they were both able to.Angelo headstrong that she would help African Americans achieve equality through her writings. Angelo was able to accomplish her goal, plus take on many more challenges. Angelo is now a great-grandmother and is a professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, N. C (Angelo). Angelo states that she does like to be called Dry. Angelo (Angelo). Although she never went to college, she has been awarded more than 30 honorary degrees. Angelo is an American plain herself. l created myself, she says. l have taught myself so much. The multi-talentedAngelo is very proud of her accomplishments in life. She still enjoys being politically involved and making a difference in the United States. Angelo shared, Im not a writer who teaches. Im a teacher who writes. But I had to work at Wake Forest to know that. This statement Just shows how important it is to Angelo to make a difference in others lives. Maya An gelo has been a hard worker since she was a young girl. As a result of her hard work, Angelo has written and published many successful pieces of literature. She has also been awarded numerous prestigious awards.

Disability and Education Disabled People Essay

Legal definition* The term disable psyche means each(prenominal) soulfulness unable to see by himself or herself, wholly or partly, the necessities of a radiation pattern somebody and/or social life, as a result of deficiency, either congenital or non, in his or her physical or mental capabilities. Human Rights and sufficient Opportunity Commission Act 1986* A limit that in some flair hampers or hinders a soul in terms of their ability to incorporate out day to day forgeivitiesgeneral range of disabilities varies from conditions that atomic number 18 mild (for congresswoman, the need to wear interpret glasses) to severe (for example, some forms of brain injury). Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library,Social Definitions* A disable psyche is psyche who is not able to do things that frequent spate flock do. They moderate limited capabilities, which restrict the way they live their life.* According to ABS, in 2003, New South Wales had 591800 males and 59 8800 females that were reported with a disability whether it is severe, moderate or mild.Char crookeristicsMobility problems or Wheel hold in boundSensory (blind, deaf, mute), talented, physical or psychological disabilityTemporary or ageless disabilityMay have psycheal c arrUses specialise equipment to care with basic duties eg. Elevators, ramps and change set and so forthSpecific involve (in priority order)Health-As a disenable person they ar inclined to have ofttimes frequent trips to the local doctors/hospitals depending on their disability. approximately disabilities may need medication to keep well and accordingly may need adequate and affordable medication costs.Access to operate- incapacitate nation needfully irritate to assists such as doctors, facilities, support operate and other requires facilities. As a incapacitate person you indispensability to have the right to access services as they gain more independence. For example a person wheelchair, they may need a car that is wheelchair accessible.Financial support- Most modify masses need on-going support and treatment from local cargon centres they john be genuinely bills consuming, depending on the hard knocks of the disability. E.g. a quadriplegic is unable to work and cannot financial support themselves and rely heavily on government financial support and family incomeSelf esteem- disenable pile atomic number 18 normal multitude and should be enured no differently. entirely usually a disabled person self esteem is allot lower than an able person as they flavor they fit in participation as they do things differently to able race. provided disabled plurality within parliamentary procedure argon progressd and treated as though they are normal so they dont timber alienates or they dont observe they belong. perceive of identity It is important that disabled sight know that they should be themselves and not treated any differently. If a disabled person aspects they dont fit in, they may try to change who they are and act like soul they arent.Safety and security-Safety and security are a need that is required by the disabled on account of their emotional wellbeing. Without their sense of safety and security the emotional wellbeing of the disabled person will be quite short becausal agency they feel quite weak to the other members in society. If the disabled person is in secure and safe environment and atmosphere they will grow in trust and be more active in the fellowship.Housing Housing is a important need for the disabled society because without shelter and protection they are unable to recover sooner. It is important as well that a disabled person has modifications to their household to allow ease in movement and to apply assistance when they are alone which allows the disabled person to be more independent and confident.Education-Education is needed for the disabled participation to ensure that they have knowledge about their disability. The earlier they are educated the greater time on that point is to elicit their physical and intellectual skills. Without the source of pedagogy they will be unable to exist in the communities and feel lost wherefore isolate them. With education disabled heap will improve their skills and find their move into in society. It may be needed that disabled children will have to attend specialised trail to suit their conditionEmployment- For the disabled it is a struggle to get secure and permanent work. This is because they are incapable(p) of doing certain activities, which may be required of them when working, in saying this employer may find that there are other tribe that will suit the job better and reject their application to work. Equal take on of employment is a need for the disabled because they can gain capital to assist with stipendiary their specialised equipment and basic needs.Government policies and regulationsThe disabled is a radical in soc iety with are more likely more disadvantaged and less fortunate that other members within society, Government policies and regulations have be brought up in order to assist them in feeling apart of communities and less unlikeness towards them this overly help oneselfs them to call forth their independence and rights. Some of these following government policies and regulations show that they are unable to be disseverd against and have the same rights as any other individual. Disability divergence Act 1988-Businesses are obliged to cater for the disabled by providing disability facilities such as wheelchair ramps, hand rails along stairways, disabled toilets and lifts.Disability Discrimination Act 1992 Protects against discrimination out-of-pocket to a disability, diseases or illnesses. The same opportunities mustiness be available to all when accessing services. They gains rights to accommodation, employment, educationThe Disability work Act 1986 (Cth)-Legalizes Federal Go vernment funding of States and appropriate organisations in sexual congress to the terms of disability employment services and other adequate and still suitable services.The Disability go Act 1993 (NSW)-Legalises the funding of qualified organisations to provide disability services and regulates NSW Government provision of disability services.NSW incision of Ageing, Disability and Home Care (DADHC) 10 Disability Services have adopted hackneyeds to assist service providers to meet these objects, principles and applications of principles. This supports disabled people with services such as Post School Program, Accommodation, Community living Teams and too Respite Care.The Community Services (Complaints, Appeals and Monitoring) Act 1993 (NSW)-Talks on the NSW Ombudsman general functions in relation to observe and review of disability services and it allow complaints regarding disability services to be made to the Ombudsman.Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986-A person is qualified for the Disability Support Pension if their disability, whether it be physical, intellectual or psychiatric impairment, stops them from working.Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities- Having the right to education, sufficient standard of living, employment and standard of wellness.Community responsibilitiesAs a fraternity they have the responsibility to represent disabled people feel welcomed, accepted and ad though they are no different to an able person within society. It is considered as a respectable action for the association to support the disabled people within their community and encourage them with their involvement in society, so that they feel they are no different. Within communities there are a few charities that recognize disabled people and as a community they try to tack together money to help fund the disabled, so they can have the best accomplishable living. For example raising money to help them adjust their way of living, e.g. housing or community.Also the council and RTA provide access to buildings with things such as putting in ramps, elevators and disabled parking, which shows how communities are taking the responsibility for disabled people within their community. different ways communities can take responsibility to raise awareness it encourage all communities to not discriminate against disabled people, they can also help create a supportive environment for the disabled people within the chemical group/ communityRights of the groupDisabled people are significantly disadvantaged in society, but yet they are still human and they still have rights of their own. Usually the rights to disabled people they right are very similar to any individual within society and have equalise rights, its just that due to some of their condidtion that have specific need that assist them to becoming part of their community, for example have ramps to access specific places.Disabled people have a right to* Be dili gent and educated without being discriminated against their condition* Have housing and accommodation that allows them to feel safe and secure and additionally move with ease regardless of their disability* Gain respect and dignity, especially to be protected against discrimination* Have assistance from cautiousnessrs, nurses, friends and people so that they are able to help them care for themselves* Have access financial assistance. For example Centrelink or other supporting government policies and pensions.* Have medical assistance broad them the professional and specialised treatment for their condition.* The same rights as people who dont have a disability so that they are able to live life as normally as possibleAccess to resourcesThe disabled have some(prenominal) factors, which can affect their access to resources. The three main factors take disability, socioeconomic status, location and also education all these factors can have a positive and proscribe impact on the d isabled persons well-being.Disability- Disabled people are usually on pensions and are financially supported. The one main problem that disabled people have is their accessibility to steer systems as their is less disabled people to able people. But yet they are trying to help make accessibility for disabled people more know as they have started including wheelchair buses, wheel chair taxis and disabled parking for the some graphic symbols of disabilities they are unable to walk for extensive amounts of time and putting the disabled parking as close as possible helps the disabled accessibility to services/groups better.Socioeconomic status- As disabled people they usually have a lower income as they are also paying for other specific needs that able people dont have. many a(prenominal) disabled people rely on their familys income and also the government. They rely on the government for payments from centre link and pensions. Many people do not have access to private health insura nce rely on the funding of centrelink. Location- depending on the location you have as a disabled person the access to resources is very much so dependent on your location. See rural communities dont have many support services as they are usually over a large area and accessing services there is already hard enough for them. And within urban areas they have ramps, rails and disabled parking to help disabled people access service/ resources, unlike rural area which are limited.Education- education for disabled people is very dependent on the severity of the disability. See if you as a disabled person dont know how serve your disability is you are unable to know what needs to be done. As a disabled person you need to know exactly what your disability is and how it can be treated. Diagnosing the problem is a lot easier due to the education in technology and the parley is improved due to internet and mobiles.Societal attitudes towards the group purchase order has many different views a nd perceptions when it comes to recognizing the disabled community. Disabled people are looked upon as weak physically, mentally and are sympathised by society. Some groups in society are all for disabled people and want to support them and intend to help them live a normal life as much as possible as they can feel they are mp different to any able person. On the other hand others feel that disabled people are extremely disgusting and should not be seen until cured. Little do these people who look shore upon disability by doing this they are isolating them from society and they are affecting them emotionally but acute against them they are lowering the confidence in believing they are normal human beings.Members in society may find that disabled people are extremely disadvantaged as they are undefendable and dependant on the carers that assists them with help with basic duties and responsibilities. These carers dedicate the time and energy to give their up nigh energy and care f or the disabled people. Sometimes/Most of the time their carers are usually their relatives or friends. furthermore the carer is there to assist to fulfil the basic needs and capabilities that a disabled person may not be able to do, for example preparing food/ feeding themselves, walking, showering ect. As they are unable to do a wide range of normal functions. Society perceives the disabled as to be less privileged.Another type of attitude and perception society may have with the disabled is the idea that the they are considered to be categorize as a lower class because they have no ability to perform basic skills and attitudes due to their type of condition. Also disabled people are given names labels for example crippled, disable and invalids.Labels like these cause society to have a negative perception on the disabled community and its also a stereotype of how disabled people are, and they dont taking into the consideration that not all people are extremely/severely disabled . Society feels they must pity and sympathise the disabled people as they are given charities from the generous people who feel sorry for them. Disabled people do not want to feel like that are any different to a normal human being but society without know excludes them but putting them in the spot settle the complete opposite and pushing them aside because they are Crippled.Issues of use up for the DisabledAs a disabled person concerns of the group are feeling safe and secure within their community, belonging, and self-esteem. It is greatly relate as it creates negative mind sets and can cause other illnesses. Other concerns are things such as* Discrimination toward the disabled. Discriminatory acts towards disabled people can be a large concern to the group as they can be pushed aside and their self esteem will decrease and can make them feel not normal.* The way they are seen within society. This is a major concern as the disabled community have equal rights to any able person . The way disable people are seen is very important as educating people to not discriminate is also vital.* Their environment. This is a major concern to not the able people of the community but the disable people within it, for the very actor the environment in different ways is important to the disable as they may need things such as ramps, rails, elevators or things such as a supportive environment, support services ect.* How they feel is a big concern as they also are the same as normal human beings are have lower esteems as they feel different and excluded from society because of their disabilitiesConflict between the group and community interestsWhen the needs of a disabled person are not met, this can begin conflict to materialize within the community. Disabled people are discriminated, as to society they are not seen as normal but instead are invalid and just a waste of space.Employment- If a disabled person is always off work, they may be asked to quit so they can take ca re of themselves. Some employers discriminate against disabled people and do not hire them however, under the Disability discrimination act (1995), an employer cannot fire or not employ mortal because they are disabled. Employers are to treat a disabled employee like they would treat the other employees.Self esteem- When in public, many people stare at someone who is disabled. A disabled person can feel embarrassed or upset as they feel they are an outcast to the society, as they dont fir in the normal people. This can cause low self esteem, especially if you are temporarily disabled. If you have any hope at recovering, you may feel youre not worth continuing on in life.Safety and security- Some people see disabled people as easy targets to abuse, as they cannot run, scream or see the attacker. They are vulnerable and can easy be abuse by someone they know or yet when alone in public. It is important that someone who is disabled feels as though they are independent and if they fee l they are at risk to tell someone they trust.Power within the group and the communityDisabled people within society are seen as not as important but the disabled community have tried to get their name out they create fundraising within their community to raise awareness and to get others educated about disabilities. The disabled offer to the community by* They show how prospered people are and how great their ways are living are compared to some disabled people who cannot do day to day things. * They create a sense of community. * It creates perspective in communities as it can open up people eyes to how disabled people really are.Positive constituents the group makes to the communityDisabled people despite their disadvantages they are able to bring positive contributions in society as well. These positive contributions could be contributing to the workforce and educating other on the lifestyle of their own lives and how disabled people live. Contributions like these allow the wi der community understand the perspectives of disabled people and how they go about life. Another contribution that is positive on the community is it the disability within the community improve the technology and medication in the general community. Other ways that disabled people contribute to a positive community is that it shows people how to accept them for who they are and not for what is wrong with them or how they look.Extent to which community service groups assist in meeting the need of the disabled Here are some examples which propose modifications in the social community which aims to facilitate the satisfaction of the disabled communitys needs * On the central coast they have bowling nights for the disabled. This allows the wider community and groups to get together and have some fun and met other people who also have disabilities. This can create supportive environments for the disabled as they can feel that they are not the only one and they can discuss their disabilit ies with one another.* Services such as personal care and cleaning services for those who are not mobile and cannot do it themselves, This helps the disabled feel like they do not have to worry about the harder basic needs that they find difficult.* Internet allows people to patronage at hearthstone. This service is provided for those who cannot get around on their own. Order and pay online and your shopping items are delivered to your door.* Services such as online universities or libraries which gives the opportunity for the non- mobile but they can sit at home and do their uni or read a book without leaving their homes.* Some universities provide for disabled people by providing cart and wheelchairs to get around the campuses.Management strategies to address equity issues faced by the group* As a community the disabled feel they are treated unfairly and are treated differently due to the difference and inability to follow day to day norms. By resolving this they must unjust the treatment management strategies must be make to address these issues faced by the disabled.* The Society have come up with labels for the disabled such as handicap, cripple, retarred which refers to their type. Often they are used as insults. The general public have changed their perception on disability but still there are some narrow minded(p) people who dont pay attention to the needs of the disabled community. A way of resolving this is by creating an event such as the Pink ornament daytime and other things such as Daffodil Day, which try to celebrate and sponsor the disabled community and try to create spread awareness of their issues and try to make people become open minded to their problems.* In the health services, people with disabilities are discriminated against as they are generally on a much lower income, due to this they are unable to afford private health care/ private health insurance and are usually put on waiting lists for problems they may have. If a disabled person is in need of medication and are unable to afford it this could cause them to have a poorer wellbeing. To assist them the government should reduce the cost of private health cover and reduce the of mediation to allow the disabled people to have easier access to them* Some disabled people are physically disabled and therefore need to modify their house. This can be extremely expensive and if the disabled people are not working have to rely on pensions or funding from the government. They may need to modify the houses to be more accessible at they may be wheelchair bound. As disabled people are not as capable to do all the house work and daily jobs they can hire someone to help them. The government should make more services available to the disabled who struggle to leave their homes and they should also reduce the funding to modify housing costs.Bibliography* Legislation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* DISABILITY discrepancy ACT 1992. DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1992. N.p ., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Disability Support Pension. Disability Support Pension. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Disability and Community Care. surgical incision of Communities (Queensland Government). N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Disabilities. Disabilities. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Australia.gov.au. People with Disabilities -. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. http//australia.gov.au/people/people-with-disabilities* International Day of People with Disability. International Day of People with Disability. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Thank You ForYour Support. Daffodil Day. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .* Have a Girls Night In,to Help the Girls out. I Heart Pink. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .

Intro to Rh Bill

Humans are naturally born governed with laws and thats what we call the natural law. And as we, humans grow to become more intellectual, we generated our own laws and rules to govern our lives for better quality and discipline. But sometimes, in that respect are laws or proponents that have gained different viewpoints among us as to its necessity, value, and morality. One of these is the Reproductive Health Bill. close to over a decade has passed since the Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines was for the first time proposed, straight that the pursuance of the circuit card has gained its rebirth, still it has become a part of the national fight bringing nearly a wider division. The Reproductive Health Bill, popularly known as the RH Bill, is a Philippine bill aiming to guarantee universal access to methods and information on birth control and maternal care.While on that point is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Filipino taxpayer and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices furthermore, 81% Filipinos are Catholics, the Catholic Church exerts a strong influence in public life. Its staunch of opposition to the bill has drawn the ire of non-Catholics and Catholics alike who support the bill, and they invoke the prescript of separation of church and state to stop the church. Passage or non-passage of the bill has negative implications depending on the views.

Benifits of introducing children to books at an early age and Reading Aloud

Educational lookers praise the ca character of p atomic number 18nts and teachers construe to children. In a criminal record aimed at stand bying p arnts provide their children with useful conveying attends, for example, Butler and Clay (1999) asserted There is no substitute for study and telling stories to children, from the very earliest days (p. 17). Based on his review of the writings on interlingual rendition to children, Teale (1991) concluded that variation to preschool children . . .Is an activity through and through which children may develop interest and coniness in literacy (p. 902). And in Becoming a Nation of Readers, Anderson, Hiebert, Scott, and Wilkinson (1995) cited yarn to children as the single most all authoritative(predicate) activity for building the grappleledge required for eventual achiever in instruction (p. 23). Moreover, a subprogram of correlational studies have linked activities in which adults and preschool children sh atomic number 1 8 book reading to the childrens beginning reading success in school (Hewison & Tizard, 1990).Such unabashed praise for reading to children is intriguing because it begs for elaboration Why is reading to juvenility children thought to be so beneficial? What knowledge do children necessitate from it? Although asserting the value of the utilisation of reading to children, researchers have given little attention to what children learn from it. Interactive allegory reading is a joint use of picture books to talk some the pictures, read the text, and discuss the taradiddle ideas.Central to this definition is the legal opinion that the adult and child (or group of children) construct an understanding of the book together. It is because of this emphasis on the joint formulation of meaning that we prefer this term over others, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as shared reading, story reading, reading loudly to children, and guided reading that have been used in the research literature t o label the event of reading to children. When adults read stories to young children, they usually do more than read the words aloud.They ask meaningful questions or so the stories. To make sure children understand the story, they paraphrase or interpret as needed, and they answer the childrens questions some it. From the research that has examined parent-child story reading, it is possible to explain the social nature of the event and to make deductions somewhat what young children learn during it. The research on parents reading to children is based primarily on middle-class mothers reading to their preschool children at bedtime.Moreover, the studies are often descriptions given by highly educated mothers reflecting on their practices with their children. A seminal work of this typesetters case is the Ninio and Bruner (1998) study in which it was found that highly ritualized discussion sequences between parent and child occur during story reading, and that these sequences are the primary means through which toddlers learn to label pictures.Ninio and Bruner found that mothers interpret childrens smiling, babbling, vocalizing, reaching, and pointing as either requesting or providing labels. For example, a baby reaches toward one of the pictures in the book, and the mother extends that gesture by saying the shout out of the picture. Moreover, if the baby vocalizes or gestures toward the picture when the mother gives a label, the mother assumes that the baby is attending to the name she gave, furthering the likeliness that she will continue to provide labels.These parentchild interchanges are orchest appraised into turn-taking sessions, with parent or child initiating a communication. At about the same time that Ninio and Bruner were reporting their work, ampere-second (1993) began reporting her analyses of mother-child discussion during book sharing. She posited that the features of the interactions that support viva voce lyric acquisition are the ver y same features that leaven beginning reading and writing ripening.She highlighted quaternion such features (a) semantic contingency, or the adult continuing a topic introduced by the childs previous record through expansions, extensions, clarifications, or answers (b) scaffolding, or the steps the adult bucks to minimize the difficulty of the activity (c) accountability procedures, or the bureau the mother demands the task be finished and (d) the use of highly predictable contexts for language use that help the child move from the concrete here and now to the remote and abstract.Elaborations on these four features decorate how children learn about reading through social interactions during interactive storybook reading. The use by adults of semantic contingency, or meaningfully extending a childs comment to facilitate oral language acquisition, has been well documented (Cross, 1998). Snow (1993), however, argued that when adults wave on or clarify text during storybook read ing, they facilitate the development of literate behavior.For example, adults sack up answer childrens questions about letter names and words, they house clarify story meaning, and they can extend childrens understanding of story concepts such as what direction one reads print or where a word begins and ends. Not only is the preaching during interactive story reading expansive in nature, Snow argued, it is scaffolded. Drawing from Bruner (1998), she defined scaffolding as the steps taken to reduce the degrees of freedom in carrying out some task, so that the child can concentrate on the difficult skill he is in the process of acquiring (p. 170).Scaffolding occurs in oral language development. For example, although young children often say only one word for a whole article of faith when they are learning to talk, parents respond by treating the word as a complete and sophisticated statement. In story reading, scaffolding might include parent reminders to the child about the name of the story, who the important characters are, or what the story problem is. The parent might point to a picture and then its printed label, hesitate to call if the child fills in a story word or phrase, or encourage the child to help tell parts of a story.Snow also argues that parents challenge their children during reading sessions by holding them accountable for what they do to help construct the session. Snow and Ninio (2006) proposed seven tenets of literate communication from the interactions during the reading event that, although not explicitly taught, help children become literate. These tenets are (a) that a book is for reading rather than manipulating, (b) that a book controls the conversation, (c) that pictures are events, (f) that book events occur outside of real time, and (g) that books are an individual fictional world.It is clear that parents help children take over storybook-reading talk, and that this practice encourages childrens later strategies for talking a bout and interpreting books. The descriptive research shows clearly that children experience opportunities for learning from engaging in interactive story reading with parents, and that the interactions have characteristic patterns that children imitate and that could get ahead literacy development.The nature of the dialogue that occurs during interactive book reading is affected by factors that include the size of the group, the cleverness of the participants, and the familiarity and type of the text. Yet a basic framework can be seen. When parents or teachers model, read, and talk to children about a text, they provide a structure that helps children understand and remember the story content.By promoting socially interactive story reading in which both reader and listener actively participate and cooperatively negotiate what is important and what things mean, teachers engage children in a process of learning through social interaction. It appears that, not only do children inter nalize the social conventions of stories when they talk with adults about them, they take away specific knowledge from hearing stories, such as the syntax, organization, and word forms used in create verbally language, and knowledge of its elements words and letters themselves.Explanations of how children move into independent word reading have assumed a strong relationship among letter knowledge, phonological awareness, and reading (Ehri, 1999). Reading requires children to attend to the sounds in words and to the letters that symbolize those sounds. New evidence from interactive reading studies suggests that interactive reading may be another way to draw childrens attention to print and to the ship canal that letters sound in words. through interactive reading, children begin to remember the story dialogues.In the process, they bring in write language structures and new vocabulary and then begin to focus on print and letter concepts. The research documents that these aspects o f literacy learning can appear both at home and in the classroom. Therefore, both parents and teachers can promote young childrens literacy acquisition through interactive story reading. At home, children can learn at a jolly optimal level because most parents are sensitive to their childrens developing abilities in language.Parents can link book information with their childrens background experiences, and they are better attuned to the childrens interests and level of understanding. At school, teachers achieve similar effect if they organize the story reading to elicit maximum betrothal from all students and if they repeatedly read stories. The suppositious construct posited by Vygotsky helps to explain how learning occurs. When reading to children is a social event, childrens book explorations are neat through the verbal and nonverbal interactions that take place during the reading.During the reading, adults highlight and interpret the reality of the book, its written languag e features, vocabulary, and print forms, and the children mimic and modify the language to fit their understanding. Structured interactions enable children to add these understandings to their current viewpoints through play with the language, questions, comments, and attempts to extend their understandings by making sense of new situations with the book language and print.From this theoretical perspective, it becomes distinct that reading to children without allowing discussion is not likely to be sufficient for developing the ability to use written language. If the goal is to teach literacy, an adult should mediate the ideas in books by keeping within bounds of childrens understandings and by using an interactive story reading approach. Then, story reading becomes a way for young children to acquire knowledge about written language at new levels of understanding.Their face-to-face communication with adults provides a way for them to ask questions, comment about what makes sense, and use book language and book ideas. Although picture books provide native picture and story line context, the language is without intonation, gestures, and pitch until an adult reads it to the child. But, through mediation of this language, the child learns to interpret, apply, and modify the sophisticated written language to their own oral language. Thus, literacy learning opportunities abound in interactive reading sessions.The process takes place through highly structured social interactions, interactions that involve routine joint participation sequences, in which the adults help children make connections to their own knowledge, and in which children make known their old understanding and practice their new understandings. Although this approach is easier for parents who are reading to one child, sufficient evidence now exists that teachers can read to small groups of children in a similar way, particularly in situations where teacher-group interactive language structures ar e fairly routinized, such as in rereading stories.Children learn about three aspects of literacy when they engage in interactive reading. First, they acquire knowledge about written language structures from the stories that they read interactively with an adult on a regular basis, and that they can talk about, act out, and use to play with story language. This suggests that teachers need to provide opportunities for children to hear and talk about stories. Second, they acquire new vocabulary from listening to stories.Childrens oral language is embellished with new words and book phrases that are drawn from the book they hear read, particularly those they hear read repeatedly. Their attention to story information thereby becomes more focused and their listening comprehension improves. Finally, children learn about the form of print, that is, about how language is graphically represented, when they have opportunities to memorize texts and recite them as though they were reading. Their learning can be heightened when the print in the stories is salient, and when they hear repeated readings.Repeated reading is an activity particularly well suited for preschool and kindergarten classrooms and will foster development of childrens letter knowledge and phonological awareness, which can be connected to later word and letter mention and to decoding. It is clear from more than a decade of research that interactive story reading is a almighty social avenue for developing language and literacy, and that it can be used as an influential literacy light beam both in the home and in the school that is, as Cochran-Smith (1984) has said, the child and adult bring to life-time books, and books enrich childrens lives.Works Cited Anderson R. C. , Hiebert E. H. , Scott J. A. , & Wilkinson I. A. G. (1985). Becoming a nation of readers The report of the Commission on Reading. Champaign, IL Center for the check of Reading Washington, DC National Institute of Education. Butler D. , & Clay M. (1999). Reading begins at home Preparing children for reading before they go to school. London Heinemann. Cochran-Smith M. (1984). The making of a reader. Norwood, NJ Ablex. Cross T. G. (1998). Mothers speech and its association with rate of linguistic development in young children. In N.Waterson & C. Snow (Eds. ), The development of communication. London Wiley. Bruner J. S. (1998). Learning how to do things with words. In J. S. Bruner & R. A. Garton (Eds. ), Human growth and development. Oxford, England Oxford University Press. Ehri L. C. (1999). Movement into word reading and spelling How spelling contributes to reading. In J. M. Mason (Ed. ), Reading and writing connections (pp. 65-82). Boston Allyn & Bacon. Hewison J. , & Tizard J. (1990). Parental involvement and reading attainment. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 50, 209-215.Ninio A. , & Bruner J. (1998). The achievement and antecedents of labelling. Journal of Child Language, 5, 1-6. Snow C. E. (1993). L iteracy and language Relationships during the preschool years. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 165-189. Snow C. E. , & Ninio A. (2006). The contracts of literacy What children learn from learning to read books. In W. H. Teale & E. Sulzby (Eds. ), Emergent literacy Writing and reading (pp. 116-138). Norwood, NJ Ablex. Teale W. H. (1991). Parents reading to their children What we know and need to know. Lrnguage Arts, 58, 902-912.