Reptile and Bird Eggs: An Introduction

Reptile and domestic fowl Eggs An ingressFor a broad time now scientist befuddle been studying each in all types of reptiles since before man walked the earth. When comparing todays modern reptile pelt, and damn testis we see many differences that ar still being studied. Birds atomic number 18 well-nigh found e reallywhere, epoch most reptile be only in specific location. They both lay testis that argon diverse internally and externally. We will look at different species of sibilations and reptiles to find out more about their extraordinary reproductive system and the eggs themselves.BirdsFeathered, winged egg laying vertebrates. (Irie, 2010)Approximately 10,000 living species (Deeming, 2007)The only branch of dinosaurs to devour survived the cretaceous Paleogene extinction 65.5 million years ago. (Dolnik, 2001)Scientists theorize that birds evolved from dinosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001)Archaeopteryx lithographicahad two unattackable legs and walked as a bird does. Its ske leton was reptilian and had the feathers of a bird. (Dolnik, 2001) on that point atomic number 18 two theories as to why feathers would have create in the evolution of birds. One is that because the ancestors of birds where becoming perfervid blooded, they needed the insulation of feathers. another(prenominal) is that they develop because of a need for flight and gliding. (Dolnik, 2001)This capability to fly gave birds the warring edge as they could travel over greater distances and beas seeking food. This in any case permitted them to live in places unreachable to other animals. (Deeming, 2007)Bird EggsBird eggsare move by females andincubatedfor a time that changes correspond to the species. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007)A unmarried bird hatches from each egg. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007)Lay very typical amniote eggswith calcified epidermiss. (Dove, 2012)Birds brood their eggs until hatching. Some bird species are naked and helpless at birth, and must be fed by t heir parents these birds are calledaltricial. (Dove, 2012)Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized (Deeming, 2007)cormorant eggs are rough and chalky (Dove, 2012)Tinamoueggs are shiny (Nathan, 1999)Duckeggs are oily and weeweeproof (Nathan, 1999)Cassowary eggs are heavily pitted (Nathan, 1999)Tiny pores in a bird eggshell allow the fertilized egg to breathe. (Irie, 2010)The majority bird eggs have anoval shape, with one end rounded and the other more pointed. (Deeming, 2007)The eggs wall is shapeable(Deeming, 2007)Numerous animals feed on eggs. (Dove, 2012)Humans have a long history of both eating wild bird eggs and raising birds for farmed eggs for consumption. (Dove, 2012)Brood parasitismoccurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the hosts eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. (Irie, 2010)ReptilesReptilesare members of theclassReptiliacomprising theamniotesthat are neitherbirdsnormammals. (Rafferty, 2012) The amniotes are thevertebrateswith eggs featuring anamnion, a double membrane that allows theembryoto breathe effectively on land. (Dolnik, 2001)Living reptiles arecold-bloodedand meet scales. (Rafferty, 2012)Reptiles originated around 320-310 million years ago during theCarboniferousperiod, having evolved from highly developedreptile like amphibiansthat became gradually more adapted to life on dry land. (Dolnik, 2001)There are many extinct groups, includingdinosaurs,pterosaurs, and ichthyosaurs. (Dolnik, 2001)There are 8,240 species of reptiles in the world, inhabiting every continent except Antarctica. (shine, 1999)Lizards and snakes have a single sheet of overlapping scales. (Rafferty, 2012)Other reptiles grow plates. (Rafferty, 2012)The main purpose of the pelt is to keep water in the animals body. (Shine, 1999)Reptiles offer go without water for long periods, and many species prosper in deserts. (Shine, 1999)Reptiles, like birds, have deliberate swear over the muscles in t heir eyes, which determine their pupil size. They are able to urge on or dilate their pupils at will, not just in response to light. (Dove, 2012)The brain of a reptile is not over 1 percent of his body agglomerate. Unlike amphibians, however, the reptilian brain has two hemispheres. (Nathan, 1999)The nervous systems of reptiles are adequately complex and similar to those of mammals. (Rafferty, 2012)Reptile eggsThe eggs laid by some reptiles even smaller, and those of insects and otherinvertebratescan be oft smaller still. (Nathan, 1999)Chicken eggs have a hard shell while reptile eggs have a soft, leathery shell. (Qualls, 2002) immense macrolecithal eggs, develop independent of water. (Deeming, D C Birchard, G F 2007) equal amphibians,amniotesare air-breathingvertebrates, but they have complex eggs including an amniotic membrane. (Qualls, 2002)Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils. (Dolnik, 2001)Macrolecital eggs are found inreptiles(Deemi ng, 2007)Oviparity is typical of birds and reptiles. (Nathan, 1999)Literature ReviewDove (2012). use of bird eggs by invasive Burmese Pythons in Florida.Burmese Pythons have been reported to consume 25 species of adult birds in Everglades case Park, Florida but until now no records documented this species eating bird eggs.Deeming, D C Birchard, G F (2007). Allometry of egg and hatchling mass in birds and reptiles roles of developmental maturity, eggshell structure and phylogeny.This phrase looks at a wide run away of birds andreptiles using regression analysis, In birds, initialeggmass (IEM) at laying is the most important factor affecting phylogenetic relatedness. For allreptilespecies, IEM phylogenetic relatedness did not. This member also observed for the relationship betweeneggmass and incubation period.Shine, R,(1999). Egg-laying reptiles in cold climates determinants and consequences of nest temperatures in montane lizards.This word studies reptilian life-history and evo lution. Many of these species avoid low incubation temperatures by selecting warm nest-sites, reptilesmay adapt to low-temperature incubation rather than avoid it. Bassianaeggs patronize higher temperatures than do Nannoscincuseggs, but do not develop as rapidly at low temperatures.Dolnik, (2001) Allometry of egg mass, clutch size and complete clutch mass in dinosaurs comparison with modern reptiles and birds.In this bind the author presents for the first time empirical allometrical equations matching the mass of dinosaurs with the mass of theireggs, clutch size and its total mass. Contrast of these equations with those that were planned for modern taxa ofreptilesand birds shows that dinosaurs can be characterized by intermediate value of allometry index.Nathan, R, and Y. L. Werner (1999). Reptiles and breeding birds on Mt. Hermon Patterns of altitudinal distribution and species richnessThis article reviews and analyzes the altitudinal distribution ofreptilesand breedingbirds on M t. Hermon over the distance of 2814 m. Species diversity was larger in breedingbirdsthan inreptiles, declining with rising altitude in both groups, but more astutely so inbirds. The scientist explain that the generalization of vegetation arrangement with increase altitude may explain this variation, becausebirds probably better use the three-dimensionality of densely-vegetated habitats that take over low elevations.C. P. Qualls,R. M. Andrews (2002). Maternal body volume constrains water uptake by lizard eggsin uteroIn this article observations showed that some characteristic of retention in the oviductal environment restricts the amount of water eggs can absorb prior to oviposition. This paper presents proof, from two species ofgenus Sceloporuslizard, supporting the hypothesis that restricted space within the mothers body caries physically constrains the ability of eggs to expand, and thereby their ability to absorb water. If such(prenominal) a constraint on water uptake is extens ive, it can have significant implications for the understanding the costs of reproduction, and the determinants of reproductive output in squamate reptiles.Anthony R. Rafferty and Richard D. Reina, (2012). Arrested embryologic development a review of strategies to delay hatching in egg-laying reptiles.This article discusses arrested embryotic development connecting the down regulation or cessation of progressive cell division and metabolic activity, and the ability of an animal to arrest embryologic development results in temporal plasticity of the duration of embryonic period. Arrested embryonic development is a significant reproductive strategy for egg-laying animals that provide no parental care after oviposition.Irie,Toshiaki, (2010). Retinoid storage in the egg of reptiles and birdsIn this article storage of retinal has been established ineggsfrom a variety of anamniotic vertebrates, but the retinoid-storage state ineggsof oviparousamnioticvertebrates (reptiles andbirds) has not been clarified in detail. Scientist studied four reptilian and quintette avian species and established that retinal was commonly stored in theireggyolk. In addition, retinal was the major retinoid in reptilian eggs, with only low levels of retinol, while major amounts of retinol as well as retinal were stored in avianeggs. In equally reptilian and avianeggs, retinal was often bound to proteins, which were assumed to be homologous to the proteins that attach retinal in theeggsof anamniotic vertebrates.